Lipshultz Chairs Writing Group for AHA’s 1st Statement for Pediatric Cardiomyopathy

By Ellen Goldbaum

Pediatric cardiomyopathies affect 1 of every 100,000 children, according to population-based studies in the United States, Finland and Australia.

Published June 8 in Circulation, the statement notes there are several types of cardiomyopathies in children and treatment should be personalized based on the cause, symptoms and progression of the condition in each child.

Steven E. Lipshultz, MD, professor of pediatrics in the Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, chaired the writing group that developed the statement, a companion to the association’s 2019 scientific statement focused on diagnosing the condition, an effort that Lipshultz also chaired.

Lipshultz, also a physician with UBMD Pediatrics, has been continuously funded by the National Institutes of Health to conduct research on pediatric cardiomyopathies for nearly four decades. His work includes development of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute-funded Pediatric Cardiomyopathy Registry, which resulted in the first improvement in clinical outcomes of medical management for the condition in decades.

The statement emphasizes important differences among treatment types for cardiomyopathies and heart failure in children and adults.

“Children’s cardiomyopathies may have similar names to cardiomyopathies in adults; however, they often have very different causes, different risk factors, different paths of progression and different outcomes,” said Lipshultz. “Children don’t have the same behavioral or environmental factors contributing to cardiomyopathy — in general, they don’t smoke; they don’t drink alcohol; they don’t have long-standing conditions such as obesity or Type 2 diabetes. So, treatments in children, which may range from replacing missing enzymes to heart transplantation, must be tailored to the root causes of their cardiomyopathy.”

Many causes of cardiomyopathy in children are related to genetic abnormalities — rather than Type 2 diabetes, alcoholism, long-term high blood pressure or family history, as seen in adults. Symptoms of cardiomyopathy in children may include difficulty breathing; heart palpitations; fainting during physical activity; swelling in the ankles, feet, legs, abdomen, or congestion of neck veins; or heart failure symptoms, such as trouble breathing, poor feeding or growth, excessive sweating, low blood pressure or fatigue.

The statement-writing committee focused on treatment for the most common cardiomyopathies in children, such as dilated cardiomyopathy, when the heart is enlarged and the pumping chambers contract poorly; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, characterized by a thickened, stiff heart muscle, making it difficult for the heart to relax and for blood to fill the heart’s chambers; and restrictive cardiomyopathy, a rare form of heart muscle disease in which the stiffened heart muscle does not allow the ventricular chambers to fill with blood normally, backing up blood into the atria (the top chambers of the heart), lungs and body, causing the symptoms and signs of heart failure.

Pediatric cardiomyopathy may be diagnosed in a variety of stages — some patients may carry a genetic abnormality for the condition yet have no symptoms, while others may have severe symptoms or end-stage disease, according to the statement-writing committee. Physicians are urged to thoroughly examine and evaluate their pediatric patients to identify the root cause of the condition to develop a treatment plan.

“Genetic testing of all children with cardiomyopathy is prudent and is likely to have clinical value,” said Lipshultz. “Such genetic screening may result in financial and emotional cost savings.”

Other key points from the statement-writing committee:

• Treatment may be initiated in some pediatric patients who are at risk for cardiomyopathy before developing symptoms to diminish the progression of the disease.
• Adult heart failure treatments have limited effectiveness in pediatric dilated cardiomyopathy, yet some evidence suggests their use has contributed to a decrease in the death rate among children with the condition.
• Therapies to prevent sudden death in children with hypertrophic cardiomyopathies, including exercise limitations or an internal defibrillator, continue to evolve and have age- and size-specific parameters compared to adult treatments and devices.
• A heart transplant is an acceptable treatment for end-stage pediatric cardiomyopathy. While ventricular-assist devices are commonly used as a temporary measure while awaiting a heart transplant, the devices are associated with a low rate of ventricular recovery, similar to the results among adults.

“The future is promising, as limitations in sample size and funding in pediatric clinical trials now are being addressed with the use of learning networks involving multiple pediatric cardiomyopathy centers,” Lipshultz said. “Innovative use of multi-center registries and adaptive trial design have the potential to advance and refine future cause-specific therapy options for pediatric cardiomyopathy. ”

This scientific statement was developed on behalf of the American Heart Association’s Young Hearts Pediatric Heart Failure and Transplantation Committee of the Council on Lifelong Congenital Heart Disease and Heart Health in the Young (Young Hearts). Scientific statements promote greater awareness about cardiovascular diseases and stroke issues, and help facilitate informed health care decisions. Scientific statements outline what is currently known about a topic and what areas need additional research. While scientific statements inform the development of guidelines, they do not make treatment recommendations. AHA guidelines provide the association’s official clinical practice recommendations.

Co-authors are Vice Chair Charles E. Canter, MD, FAHA; Carmel Bogle, MD; Steven D. Colan, MD; Shelley D. Miyamoto, MD, FAHA; Swati Choudhry, MD; Nathanya Baez-Hernandez, MD; Molly M. Brickler, APNP; Brian Feingold, MD, FAHA; Ashwin K. Lal, MD, FAHA; and Teresa M. Lee, MD.