Diabetes Study Findings Could Prove Significant for Men

The single-site study, conducted over 11 years in Bremerhaven, Germany, found that testosterone therapy reversed Type 2 diabetes in one-third of the study participants.

“The occurrence of this syndrome is common and with appropriate testosterone replacement, obesity insulin resistance and diabetes may be reversible,” says Paresh Dandona, MD, PhD, SUNY Distinguished Professor of medicine in the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism.

He co-authored the prospective, registry-based study that was published in the online journal Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism in June.

Dandona also presented the data to the Annual Mohan Diabetes Foundation Symposium, held virtually July 25 in Chennai, India, where he was given the organization’s Lifetime Achievement Award.

Type 2 diabetes, also known as Type 2 diabetes mellitus, results from a combination of insulin resistance and insufficient production of insulin, causing high blood sugar. The condition is common, with more than 3 million new cases per year in the United States. Reduced testosterone concentrations are found in 33 percent of men with Type 2 diabetes.

The discovery of this syndrome of hypogonadism in Type 2 diabetes was made by Dandona’s group at UB in 2004. This group then extended the prevalence of this syndrome to include 25 percent of non-diabetic obese men in 2010. Thus, diabetes and obesity became the main cause of male hypogonadism. The group went on to demonstrate in 2016 that such patients have additional insulin resistance that reverses with testosterone treatment.

Testosterone deficiency, which is also called “male hypogonadism,” contributes to reduced response of insulin to glucose, increased insulin resistance and eventually the onset of Type 2 diabetes.

The objective of the researchers’ study was to determine if men with Type 2 diabetes who also exhibit hypogonadism, when treated with testosterone in addition to their regular diabetes treatment, would demonstrate improved glycemic control and insulin sensitivity and possibly eventually experience remission of Type 2 diabetes.

The investigators observed 356 men in a single urology practice clinic over 11 years. All patients received standard diabetes treatment, which included mandatory educational courses and materials.

In addition, 178 men with a mean age of 62 years, received 1,000 milligrams of subcutaneously injected, slow-release testosterone every 12 weeks after an initial six-week interval. The 178 subjects, mean age 64 years, who opted out of the testosterone therapy served as the control group.

The researchers took numerous measurements, including height, weight, waist circumference, blood pressure, hemoglobin, fasting glucose, HbA_1c (the average amount of glucose in blood over a 6 or 12 week period), insulin, heart rate, lipids, highly sensitive C-reactive protein and total testosterone, among others.

They also assessed quality of life using the Aging Males’ Symptoms scale. Erectile function was also assessed, using the International Index of Erectile Function. Assessment of these clinical metrics was performed at least twice a year, and data over 11 years were analyzed.

The results showed that the men treated with testosterone had “significant progressive and sustained reductions in their body weight, fasting glucose, HbA_1c and fasting insulin over the treatment period,” the authors wrote. In the control group, fasting glucose, HbA_1c and fasting insulin increased.

One-third (34.3 percent) of men treated with testosterone saw remission of their diabetes; almost half (46.6 percent) achieved normal glucose regulation with antidiabetic treatment and a vast majority (83.1 percent) reached their target level of HbA_1c.

Patients in the control group saw no remission of diabetes or reduction in glucose or HbA_1c levels. 

In addition, there were fewer deaths, myocardial infarctions, strokes, and diabetic complications in the group treated with testosterone.

The research indicates that long-term treatment with testosterone is potentially a novel additional therapy for men with Type 2 diabetes and hypogonadism, the authors wrote.

“The clinical significance of these results is further enhanced by the fact that one-third of men with Type 2 diabetes have hypogonadism. Hence, physicians encounter men with hypogonadism and diabetes very frequently. It is remarkable that while Type 2 diabetes mellitus leads to hypogonadism, treatment of hypogonadism results in remission of diabetes itself,” the authors wrote.

Going forward, prospective randomized controlled trials are needed to confirm the data. One such trial is currently in progress.

Dandona is one of the world’s leading experts in the treatment of diabetes and vascular disease. He is also the ex-chief of endocrinology at UB and the founder of the Diabetes-Endocrinology Center of Western New York, which is sponsored by the Jacobs School and Kaleida Heath. He sees patients at UBMD Internal Medicine.

Dandona’s co-authors on the study include:

• Sandeep Dhindsa, MD, of the Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism at Saint Louis University
• Gheorghe Doros, PhD, of the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics at the Boston University School of Public Health
• Ahmad Haider, MD, a urologist in Bremerhaven, Germany
• Markolf Hanefeld, MD, from GWT-TU Dresden GmbH and Medizinische Klinik 3, Universitätsklinikum Carl Gustav Carus, in Dresden, Germany
• Farid Saad, DVM, PhD, a consultant to Medical Affairs Andrology at Bayer AG in Berlin
• Karim Sultan Haider, MD, a urologist in Bremerhaven, Germany
• Abdulmaged Traish, PhD, of the Department of Urology at the Boston University School of Medicine