The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology offers a program of didactic course work and research training leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. Additional programs are offered leading to the Master of Science in Pharmacology and a BS/MS in Pharmacology and Toxicology. The programs are structured to provide the candidate with a broad training in basic areas of pharmacology as well as a degree of expertise in one area. Please see this web page for specialized areas of research interest within the department.

General requirements and complete information for all graduate students are described at The Graduate School’s Succeed at UB website. Students are urged to refer to these links (Current Student Resources and Completing Your Degree) in addition to the present Departmental Guidelines.

It is the responsibility of the students to follow the policies and procedures for graduate students outlined in the Departmental and the Graduate School guidelines. 

The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology is dedicated to the idea that providing and supporting an inclusive environment is vital to our success. We want all members of our department to feel safe, supported and valued as they contribute to the overall vision of the department. We believe that everyone is enriched by a community of faculty, students and staff who bring diverse life experiences and perspectives, and we welcome differences in race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, language, abilities/disabilities, sexual orientation, gender identity, socioeconomic status and veteran status. We strive to foster a safe space and a culture of respect and inclusiveness for all. 

The faculty members of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology are committed to assist students in the academic and research aspects of graduate education.

The conduct of the graduate program in pharmacology and toxicology is the responsibility of the faculty of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. The faculty decides on program policies, curriculum, and the continuation of students in the program. Between meetings of the faculty, the responsibility for conduct of the graduate program is vested in the Department Chair, the Director of Graduate Studies, the Graduate Education Subcommittee and, where that person has been identified, the student's thesis advisor.

The Director of Graduate Studies is a member of the Department faculty appointed to that position by the Department Chair.

The Director of Graduate Studies is available to assist students with all aspects of graduate education. He/she will guide students in their course registration to ensure that they are taking the required sequence of courses. This includes recommending any substitution of courses in the required sequence. The Director of Graduate Studies will inform students of actions by the Department faculty, by the Graduate Education Subcommittee, or by the Department Chairperson and will informally mediate disputes when requested to assist in this manner by a student. The Director of Graduate Studies will serve as the departmental representative to the Health Sciences Divisional Committee. 

The Graduate Education Subcommittee is a subcommittee of the Education Committee of the Department. Its Mission is: To provide graduate students with the necessary knowledge, skills, and training to excel in their chosen scientific careers.

The subcommittee will be responsible for oversight of all graduate students. This subcommittee will meet at least twice a year to consider the progress of each graduate student and will take appropriate action and make needed recommendations to the faculty. The subcommittee will be composed of:

1.     Departmental Chair

2.     Director of Graduate Studies, who will serve as chair of the subcommittee

3.     Three or more faculty members who will be appointed by the Department Chair

The charges of the subcommittee are:

• Develop a graduate curriculum that uses innovative teaching techniques and assessment tools and reflects the specific skills, training and knowledge we want our students to have.
• Develop strategies for optimal, individualized student advisement that will evaluate student progress and help them to realize their career goals.
• Monitor the progress of graduate students in their coursework and other aspects of their performance, and advise them on courses and other issues.
• Fulfill requirements of the Graduate School in relation to the running of the program in general, and with respect to changes being implemented in the program in particular.
• Develop and compile materials for website and take initiative to provide timely, updated information to the PMY office staff as it becomes available. Ideally, the subcommittee should submit updated information for the website well in advance of deadlines and events.

The thesis advisor is a member of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and the Graduate Faculty with the rank of Assistant Professor or above. It is the responsibility of the student to identify an advisor, which is formalized by the transmittal of a letter to the Chairperson of the Department. Both the student and the advisor sign the letter. The Department Chair must approve the choice of advisor and communicate this information to the GES and faculty. Once a student selects a thesis advisor, that faculty member assumes responsibility for the student's program of study and progress in meeting degree requirements.

The advisor should preferably be a permanent member of the Departmental faculty with an active research program. However, in certain instances, the advisor may be a member of another department who holds an adjunct appointment in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. After the thesis advisor has been selected, he/she will take the major role in advising the student in the preparation of a program of elective coursework. This program should develop in-depth knowledge of the student's research area, yet give the student the necessary breadth for a career in teaching and research. Thus, a student's program may be individualized by the selection of certain electives or substitutions to the required sequence of courses. The GES must approve any substitutions. The thesis advisor will guide the student in the selection of a feasible thesis research project, with emphasis on the development of the student's capability for independent and self-critical research. The advisor will also have the responsibility to ensure that the student is making normal progress in meeting the requirements of the graduate program. The thesis advisor is also responsible for assembling and presenting the student's record to the GES for semester reviews.

The thesis advisor for doctoral students is responsible for the disposition of the student's stipend and tuition. 

The Thesis Committee is comprised of at least three faculty members of the Graduate School for the Master’s degree and at least four faculty members of the Graduate School for the Ph. D. degree. These include the thesis advisor, at least one additional member of the Department faculty, and at least one faculty member from another department. The thesis advisor and the student select the members of the Committee. Students are strongly encouraged to consider the inclusion of women when selecting members of their committees, as it is imperative that our trainees are mentored by a diverse group of faculty.

The Thesis Committee is initially responsible for determining whether the thesis proposal is acceptable. The acceptability of the thesis proposal is documented by signatures of the members of the Thesis Committee on the Application to Candidacy form. The thesis advisor and the student are to meet with the Committee on a regular basis, approximately every 6 months. Upon completion of the thesis research and submission of the final draft of the thesis document, the student defends the thesis before the Committee and the Department. 

All students should be aware of and follow the regulations not only of this Department but also of The Graduate School and promptly respond to all administrative requests from the department. Students and faculty are expected to attend all departmental seminars and seminars co-sponsored by this Department. All graduate students are required to meet with the Director of Graduate Studies prior to registering for courses each semester. This meeting will ensure proper advisement and avoid unwanted tuition costs (there is no registration for the summer session). Required courses are graded on a standard four-point scale. Students can elect to be graded for up to 10 credit hours on an S/U basis, subject to the approval of the thesis advisor and the Director of Graduate Studies. Exemption from courses in the required sequence by the student may be granted when justified. The petition must be addressed to the Director of Graduate Studies and approved by the GES.

The Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology has no formal requirements for its graduate students to teach, but strongly encourages them to gain teaching experience. Every effort will be made to provide students interested in gaining teaching skills with a quality teaching experience.

It is the responsibility of each student to contact the Graduate School and Student Response Center (1Capen) prior to deadlines for degree conferral to be sure that all the requirements and paperwork for the degree have been completed. In general, it is the responsibility of the student to follow the policies and procedures of the Department as well as the Graduate School and ensure the completion of all requirements throughout the program in a timely manner.

In today’s workforce there is an enormous shortage of women and underrepresented minorities in leadership roles in scientific fields. It is within the department’s mission to counter biases surrounding gender, race and other defining characteristics, and to take a firm stance against discrimination and inequity. It is expected that students are respectful to each other, their mentors and other faculty and staff at all times to allow an inclusive learning environment for all. 

It is departmental policy to provide financial support and tuition scholarship for doctoral students during their tenure in this program. The terms of this support are determined by the department Chairperson and by the Thesis Advisor. Certain limits are also specified by the Graduate Student Employees Union (GSEU)/NYS Agreement. Students who receive full stipends and tuition scholarship awards are expected not to hold jobs outside of the University. 

The graduate programs are designed to allow flexibility in order to meet the diverse requirements of graduate students. Nevertheless, the programs are structured to ensure that all graduate students receive outstanding training to prepare them for professional careers. Therefore, a core curriculum containing several Pharmacology and other Biomedical Science courses is required. Exemptions may be obtained only by special permission. A petition for such exemption must be made to the Director of Graduate Studies and be approved by the GES. 

Specified curricula are available for students admitted into approved graduate programs. These programs include those leading to the Ph.D. in Pharmacology, to the M.S in Pharmacology, and to the combined B.S./M.S. in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Programs leading to the Ph.D. degree include the M.D./Ph.D. degrees, the Ph.D. degree through the Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Sciences (PPBS), and direct admission into the Department. The course sequences satisfying the various curricula are available here.

Each student is expected to give three seminars (PMY 505-506) to fulfill the requirements for the Ph.D degree. The first two seminars will be presented in the second year of matriculation. The faculty member directing PMY 505-506 must approve the choice of topics for these seminars. Students must complete these two seminars and receive passing grades for the course.

The first two seminars are expected to present original data from two or three recent publications related to a topic of current interest in the field of pharmacology or toxicology. A seminar announcement, with abstract and references, should be distributed to faculty and students one week prior to the seminar date. The seminars are not to be presented in lecture format by merely summarizing a large body of information with little discussion or critical evaluation of the data. The seminar should begin with a general introduction that describes the relevance of the specific topic to the general field. The presentation should also state the goals of the research, describe the experimental design and methodology, and present original data from the articles. Students should not only present the data clearly, but also discuss and critically evaluate the experimental design, results, and methodologies presented in the papers. Each student is expected to not only evaluate whether the authors draw appropriate conclusions from their findings, but also to critique the authors by suggesting pitfalls in the work and potential areas for future investigations to strengthen the results. Grading will be based on the accomplishment of these goals.

The third student seminar will consist of an oral presentation of the student's research at a meeting outside of the Department, as for example, the Buffalo SFN Chapter meeting or at a National or International scientific meeting. Alternatively, a formal oral presentation to the Departmental faculty may fulfill requirements for the third seminar. The third seminar will be graded on an S/U basis. 

Within the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the faculty evaluates student performance in courses on a standard four point grading system.

• A = 4.00 points
• A- = 3.67 points
• B+ = 3.33 points
• B = 3.00 points
• B- = 2.67 points
• C+ = 2.33 points
• C = 2.00 points
• D = 1.00 point

In order to encourage students to take elective courses outside of their concentration area, departmental electives may be graded on an S/U basis. However, the Director of Graduate Studies, the GES, and the student’s thesis advisor must approve taking such courses on a pass/fail basis. The PhD program cannot include more than 10 credit hours of S/U grades.

Students must adhere to the calendar set forth by the Department. No vacations may be taken during coursework or rotations. Students may take up to two (2) weeks of vacation after completion of the Spring semester. Students with compelling reasons for taking a longer vacation or leave or who are unable to meet the requirements of the Departmental calendar must receive explicit written permission from the Director of Graduate Studies or the Department Chair. The request for this, in writing, must be made in a timely fashion, i.e., prior to making airline or other arrangements, to allow review by the Director of Graduate Studies and the Department Chair. Failure to receive prior approval may result in loss of financial support and/or termination from the Program. 

In the selection process for admission of graduate students, constant efforts are made to identify and admit those students likely to succeed in completing all of the requirements for obtaining their graduate degree in Pharmacology and Toxicology. However, it is recognized that some students may not be successful in completing all of the requirements.

Necessary attributes for receipt of a graduate degree include intellectual ability, as well as fundamental talent for research and the scholarly attributes necessary for integrity and proper motivation. A student may be dismissed from the program for academic failure, disciplinary reasons, or clearly demonstrated unsuitability for laboratory research. None of these criteria will be invoked without due deliberation by the GES, the Director Graduate Studies, the Department Chair, and if identified, the Thesis Advisor. Dismissal must be approved by a majority vote of the entire faculty of the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology. 

The Graduate Education Subcommittee (GES) will review the progress of each student at the end of each semester. This review is designed to develop a program most suitable for each student and to advise the student of any deficiencies.

1. Graduate students in all the Pharmacology and Toxicology graduate programs are required to maintain a GPA of 3.0 and obtain a grade of at least a “B” in all required courses to be in good academic standing.
2. Probation:
       a. Program Probation: A student will be placed on program probation whenever his/her cummulative grade point average falls below 3.0 or if s/he receives a grade of less than a "B" in a required course. A letter from the Director of Graduate Studies will inform the student of his or her program probation status. The student will have one semester in which to remove the probation status. Failure to do so will constitute grounds for dismissal from the program. A subsequent infraction of the academic requirements will constitute grounds for immediate dismissal. Students will be considered for immediate dismissal from the graduate program when a grade of less than a "C" is received in any course. Termination from the graduate program requires formal action by the department faculty. In the case of dismissal from the combined BS/MS program, the student will be returned to the undergraduate BS program.
       b. Probation With Advice to Withdraw: A student may be placed on Probation With Advice to Withdraw when, in the faculty's opinion, it is highly unlikely (for any of a variety of reasons) that the student could successfully complete the graduate program in Pharmacology and Toxicology. Under these situations, the student will be advised to withdraw from the program. This action will not be taken lightly. Advice to withdraw will include an explicit statement regarding the faculty's evaluation of the student's difficulties in order that the student can plan realistically for the future.

Each student in consultation with their Thesis Advisor should develop an individual development plan (IDP). The purpose of an IDP is to help students explore future career possibilities and to set goals to follow the career that fits the individual student.

The development of IDPs has recently become recommended for all students funded by NIH grants. As a proactive step, the Department of Pharmacology now requires that all PhD candidates develop and implement an IDP. This is an interactive effort that requires both student and mentor to fully participate. The preferred method of IDP is the AAAS website located at http://myidp.sciencecareers.org/. The IDP should remain a confidential document. However, once a student has completed their IDP a certificate of completion should be provided to the Director of Graduate Studies.

Instructions: After logging into myIDP, the "Completion Certificate" is available at the bottom of the Navigation Bar on the left side.  The certificate automatically marks off the portions of myIDP that have been completed by the user.  The only thing the student needs to do is indicate whether or not there has been a discussion with their mentor and enter the email address to which the certificate should be sent (pmygrad@buffalo.edu).

Please note a completed IDP and associated completion certificate is required at the time of Thesis Defense and prior to signing of the Application to Candidacy and of the M-from by the Director of Graduate studies.

Each student having completed their proposition examination and application to candidacy (ATC) forms will be expected to present their research to the department in the form of a Research Progress Presentation. This will occur at least once in their 3^rd or 4^th year. This will be an excellent opportunity for all to learn about the PhD students’ research, and to promote collaborative learning, as it will help our students hone their presentation skills. Presentations will occur before the beginning of the Spring or Fall semesters and will be scheduled at the typical PMY seminar day/time slot (i.e. Monday at 4pm). Lectures should be a maximum of 45 minutes, with 10-15 minutes of questions. 

The Proposition Examination is designed to test a student’s potential for carrying out independent research. Students must pass the examination before submitting an Application to Candidacy. Students will start the process for the Proposition Examination at the beginning of the Spring semester of their second year (i.e., their fourth semester) in the Ph.D. program, and complete it before the end of July that year. Please refer to the Proposition Examination Guidelines (below). 

Evaluation of the dissertation (thesis) proposal is conducted by the Dissertation Committee. This Committee must be appointed well in advance of the thesis defense, no later than the submission of the Application to Candidacy. The Dissertation Committee consists of the thesis advisor as Chair and at least two (for the Master’s degree) or at least three (for the Ph. D. degree) other Committee members selected by the Advisor and the student.  Two members of the Committee must have appointments in the  Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and at least one member must have a primary appointment in another department.

The Dissertation Committee is responsible for determining whether the proposed project is acceptable and feasible, and whether the student is capable of carrying out the proposed thesis work. As the research progresses, the Committee will establish whether the student has developed fundamental laboratory skills, broad knowledge, and familiarity with the literature in the area of the thesis research. Importantly, the Committee must decide whether the student has planned a study based on feasible and sound approaches to a significant research problem, with an excellent opportunity for a favorable outcome. 

The Dissertation Committee is encouraged to meet frequently, preferably at least every six to twelve months. At each Dissertation Committee meeting, the student will bring and complete a committee meeting form which will document the material and topics discussed as well as any major advice provided by the committee. Moreover, the Committee members are expected to be available to help in resolving issues associated with the student's research. The Committee is also responsible for examining and approving the student's program and the scientific merit of the thesis. 

The dissertation defense is the examination required by the Graduate School and should consist of two components: individual meetings with each member of the Dissertation Committee and a formal presentation of the research by a departmental seminar. The written thesis will present the student's original experimentation in an integrated fashion with the following organization: abstract; introduction describing pertinent previous work in the area; complete description of the methods; complete presentation of the results; discussion relating the student's research findings to other published research; and a comprehensive bibliography. Copies of the last draft, complete with figures and tables, should be circulated to the members of the Committee in a timely fashion prior to the anticipated defense date (typically two weeks prior to the defense). Committee members should read and critically evaluate the thesis prior to the thesis defense. The candidate should arrange a private meeting with each member to consider any questions or criticisms the members might have regarding the thesis. In this context, it is the responsibility of each Committee member to read the thesis carefully and convey his/her specific comments to the student. In this way, the student should be provided with the necessary tools for acceptable creative scientific writing.

A copy of the thesis will be placed in the Departmental Office for review at least two weeks prior to the proposed date of the thesis defense.

Although not required by University policy, students are encouraged to have the doctoral dissertation evaluated by an outside reader. The outside reader is a qualified individual appointed outside of the student's department who reads and critiques the document. Barring extenuating circumstances, it is expected that a student will defend his/her thesis prior to initiating employment at an outside agency or pursuing further research at another institution. 

It is the responsibility of each student to contact the Graduate School (645-2939) and the Student Response Center (645-2450) prior to the deadline dates to be certain that all of the requirements and paperwork for his/her degree have been completed.

Students are URGED to refer to the University at Buffalo Graduate School website for a description of policies and procedures related to Graduate Study. 

This is a multi-page document that includes a summary of courses to be applied toward a degree. The filing of this program with the Graduate School indicates that the student is entering the final stages of degree completion. This form must be completed and forwarded to the Graduate School as soon as possible following successful completion of the Proposition Examination.

As the name implies, the M-Form is used for several purposes. In relation to the thesis or dissertation, the form is submitted to the Graduate Office to certify that defense of the thesis was satisfactorily completed and that ALL requirements for the degree have been satisfied. This form must be signed by the major professor, the Dissertation Committee members, and by the Chair or the Director of Graduate Studies of the Department.

The Department Chair or the Graduate Director will sign the ‘M’ Form only after all corrections to the thesis and requests by the committee have been met. The student should bring a copy of the final thesis to the chair and/or the Graduate Director together with the form for signature. Students should then submit the form and the thesis before the deadline to the Graduate School. 

Master’s students who complete a thesis, and all PhD students, must electronically submit their final thesis or dissertation to the Graduate School via the UB/ProQuest UMI submission site. This is a requirement for degree conferral.

Students and PIs have the option for delayed release of sensitive research included in a thesis that may be currently unpublished. An embargo (delayed release) request can be made online. Students requesting a delayed release of their thesis/dissertation must upload the completed and signed form in the Administrative Documents section in ProQuest.

An electronic copy of the doctoral dissertation is required; copyrighting is optional.  The doctoral candidate must sign a Graduate School Billing Form acknowledging that charges for cataloging will be paid prior to degree conferral.  Diplomas will be mailed out directly from the Student Response Center.  The Survey of Earned Doctorates Form is used to collect information from all candidates in the U.S.; the National Research Council publishes summaries of these data annually.

To qualify for degree conferral, students must fulfill the continuous registration requirement.  They should submit an M-Form, an electronic copy of the dissertation or thesis, and the Survey of Earned Doctorates Form. 

Students are expected to meet all requirements by university deadlines, but they may petition the Department to participate in commencement exercises of the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences if they plan to defend their Ph.D. or Master’s thesis by July 31 of that year. Before the student’s name is forwarded to the School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences for his/her participation in the commencement exercises, the major professor has to provide a written assurance to the Director of Graduate Studies that the student would defend the thesis by July 31. Please note that if the requirements for graduation are not be met by the Graduate School deadline for June Conferral (which applies to all 2^nd year Master’s students), their names will not be included in the commencement booklet and they will receive their degree with a September conferral date.

The Graduate School grievance procedures as outlined in the Graduate School Website apply to this program. Since the number of students in the Departmental Graduate Program and the number of faculty members in this Department are small; most, if not all, disputes can be resolved on an informal basis. The student may seek the assistance of the Departmental Chairperson or Director of Graduate Studies or other staff members as mediators in dealing with a dispute.

If the student feels the grievance is serious and has not been justly resolved on an informal basis, a request to the Department Chairperson may be made to appoint a committee of three, two faculty members and one graduate student, to hear the grievance and rule on its merit. The committee shall rule on the case within l0 academic days of receiving the grievance or stipulate in writing the reasons why this is not feasible.

If an appeal of the departmental ruling is desired, the student should file a written statement of the grievance with the Chairperson of the Health Sciences Division Grievance Committee according to the procedures established by the Graduate School.

NOTE: Specific aspects of the Guidelines may change as voted by faculty. 

The Proposition Examination is designed to test PhD graduate students’ potential for carrying out independent research by demonstrating his/her ability:

1. To collect and integrate diverse scientific information on a selected topic;
2. To organize sound and creative experimental approaches in solving significant questions related to the topic;
3. To formulate original specific aims and experimental procedures in the development of the selected topic in a written document and;
4. To demonstrate the acquired knowledge and defend the proposed research program in an oral presentation.

These attributes must be clearly demonstrated for successful completion of the Proposition Examination.

The Proposition Examination includes the submission of a research proposal and its subsequent oral defense. The written portion must be an original document that reflects the student’s independent thinking and is appropriately referenced. Evidence of plagiarism will constitute grounds for failure without opportunity for re-examination. Successful completion of the Proposition Examination is required for continuation in the doctoral program.

Students will start the process for the Proposition Examination at the beginning of the Spring semester of their second year (i.e., their fourth semester) in the Ph.D. program, and complete it before the end of July that year. The examination will be linked to a two-credit course (PMY540) with an S/U grade to be assigned at the end of the examination.

Students would be eligible to file Application To Candidacy (ATC) if they have obtained ‘S’ (Satisfactory) grade in PMY540, and have fulfilled other requirements. Approval of ATC by the Graduate School would allow the student to request full time status while pursuing research on their dissertation project. 

The research topic will be selected by the student, and it may either be on the work that the student expects to pursue for his/her dissertation (recommended) or be related to it.  In addition to serving the purpose mentioned in Overview, this will prepare the student for submitting a proposal for a pre-doctoral fellowship to a funding agency. The selected title should be of sufficient specificity to be appropriate for a major grant proposal. The Chair of the Proposition Examination Committee will decide the appropriateness of the topic. 

The Proposition Examination Committee (PEC) will consist of:

A.    A member of the Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology Graduate Education Committee, an attempt will be made to select a member who is relatively familiar with the area of the proposal topic.

The appointed member will serve as the Chair of the Proposition Examination Committee.

B.     The student’s Dissertation Committee. The Dissertation Committee consists of the thesis advisor as Chair of the Dissertation Committee, and at least three other Committee members selected by the Advisor and the student. Two members of the Committee must have appointments in the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, and at least one member must have a primary appointment in another department.

The student’s research advisor will be a non-voting member of the Proposition Examination Committee. He/she will attend the student’s presentation but will not be present during the discussions. 

The Proposition Examination process is as follows:

1. The first step in the process will be a 45-minute long journal club-style Research Proposal Presentation by the student. In this presentation, the student should discuss:

• The background leading to the question/hypothesis of the proposed project.  This may include published papers, feasibility data from the student’s lab and/or his/her own data.
• Question(s) to be addressed
• Overall hypothesis
• An outline of the proposed Specific Aims

2. The PEC will meet with the student following the Research Proposal Presentation seminar to discuss the presentation and to make suggestions for modifying the proposed project. If this evaluation is positive, the student may continue with the proposal process. This approval may be contingent on modification of the Specific Aims of the proposed research; such changes should be made and approved within one week of the Research Proposal Presentation. If the PEC concludes that: The Thesis Research Prospectus presentation; the discussion of possible future experiments; and/or hypotheses to be tested were not adequate, the student will be given an opportunity to repeat the Presentation. Students who do not present satisfactorily with respect to the proposal criteria for the second time will receive a U grade for the Proposal. This could result in dismissal from the PhD program. 

3. After the Research Proposal Presentation, the student will prepare a full written proposal. The proposal must include a discussion of the pharmacological and/or toxicological implications of the proposed research. In writing the proposal, the student may seek help from other students and faculty. However, it is emphasized that the nature of this assistance should be limited and serve only to direct the student in a general approach to the topic. The student is required to write the proposal independently. Faculty should not design experiments or help in writing or rewriting of the proposal.

4. Within five weeks of the pre-proposal presentation, the student will present the written proposal and submit both a hard copy and an electronic file (PDF, or Word document) to the PEC members. 

Below are instructions adapted from the NIH Grants and Funding Website dealing with Formatting Attachments. Please follow these instructions in completing your proposal. 

Font

• Use an Arial, Helvetica, Palatino Linotype, or Georgia typeface, a black font color, and a font size of 11 points or larger. Must be 11 points or larger. Smaller text in figures, graphs, diagrams and charts is acceptable, as long as it is legible when the page is viewed at 100%.
• Type density, including characters and spaces, must be no more than 15 characters per inch. Type may be no more than six lines per inch.

Paper Size and Page Margins Use standard paper size (8 1⁄2" x 11).

• Use at least one-half inch margins (top, bottom, left, and right) for all pages.

Page Formatting

• Since a number of reviewers will be reviewing applications as an electronic document and not a paper version, applicants are strongly encouraged to use only a standard, single-column format for the text. Avoid using a two-column format since it can cause difficulties when reviewing the document electronically.
• Please number all pages. (NIH explicitly disallows this, but page numbers must be included for your BCH proposal to help your committee follow the project.) If you later send your proposal as an F31 grant application, you will need to remove the page numbers.

Figures, Graphs, Diagrams, Charts, Tables, Figure Legends, and Footnotes

You may use a smaller type size but it must be in a black font color, readily legible, and follow the font typeface requirement. Color can be used in figures; however, all text must be in a black font color, clear and legible.

Grantsmanship

• Use English. Avoid jargon.
• Spell out acronyms the first time they are used in each application section/attachment and note the appropriate abbreviation in parentheses. The abbreviation may be used in the section/attachment thereafter.

Page Limits (see details below)

• Specific Aims: 1 page
• Research Strategy: 6 pages
• References: no page limit
• Other sections required for an NIH proposal (cover page, biosketch, training plan, etc.) are not required for the Pharmacology proposal.

Title

• NIH and other PHS agencies limit title character length to 81 characters, including the spaces between words and punctuation. Titles in excess of 81 characters will be truncated. Be sure to only use standard characters in the descriptive title: A through Z, a through z, 0 through 9, and underscore (_).

Specific Aims are limited to one page.

After a brief introductory paragraph or two, state concisely the goals of the proposed research and summarize the expected outcome(s), including the impact that the results of the proposed research will exert on the research field(s) involved.

List succinctly the specific objectives of the research proposed, e.g., to test a stated hypothesis, create a novel design, solve a specific problem, challenge an existing paradigm or clinical practice, address a critical barrier to progress in the field, or develop new technology.

This item is limited to six pages.

Organize the Research Strategy in the specified order using the instructions provided below. Start each section with the appropriate section heading — Significance, Innovation, Approach. Cite published experimental details in the Research Strategy section and provide the full reference in the Bibliography and References Cited section.

You may address Significance and Approach for each Specific Aim individually, or may address Significance and Approach for all of the Specific Aims collectively.

a. Significance

• Explain the importance of the problem or critical barrier to progress in the field that the proposed project addresses.
• Explain how the proposed project will improve scientific knowledge, technical capability, and/or clinical practice in one or more broad fields.
• Describe how the concepts, methods, technologies, treatments, services, or preventative interventions that drive this field will be changed if the proposed aims are achieved.

b. Innovation – An innovation section is not required for fellowships and does not have to be a part of your Biochemistry proposal. This section is found in some other types of NIH grants, such as R01 grants.

c. Approach – this section has all the detail of how you’ll do the experiments and the preliminary data to back it up.

Preliminary Studies

Include information on preliminary studies, if any. This can be preliminary data you’ve obtained while you’ve worked in the lab, preliminary data obtained by other members of your lab (or your collaborator’s labs) that supports your project or preliminary data published by other labs. You can give preliminary data separately for each aim or you can describe all the preliminary data for all the aims first and then talk about the aims.

For the aims themselves, you will:

• Describe the overall strategy, methodology, and analyses to be used to accomplish the specific aims of the project. Include how the data will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted as well as any resource sharing plans as appropriate.
• Discuss potential problems, alternative strategies, and benchmarks for success anticipated to achieve the aims.
• If the project is in the early stages of development, describe any strategy to establish feasibility, and address the management of any high-risk aspects of the proposed work.
• Point out any procedures, situations, or materials that may be hazardous to personnel and precautions to be exercised.

End the approach section with a short paragraph reiterating the importance of your project and how it relates to human health or disease.

Each reference must include the names of all authors (in the same sequence in which they appear in the publication), the article and journal title, book title, volume number, page numbers, and year of publication. Include only bibliographic citations. Applicants should be especially careful to follow scholarly practices in providing citations for source materials relied upon when preparing any section of the application. 

1. Within one week of the submission of the written proposal, each voting member of the Committee must grade the proposal as satisfactory (S) or unsatisfactory (U). Students will be given a written critique from the Committee Chairperson. The critique will include a summary of each committee member's comments. 

2. If revisions are made/required, the revised written proposal will be graded within a week after submission and will again be assigned a grade of S or U by each Committee member. A copy of the written proposal will be placed in the student's file in the departmental office. 

Every effort will be made to adhere to this schedule; however unforeseen circumstances or unavoidable scheduling conflicts may cause a deviation from this timetable.

1. Participants in the oral examination will include the student and the voting members of the PEC.
2. The oral examination will begin with a 15-20 minute presentation, during which the student will summarize the significance, innovation, approach and Specific Aims of the proposed work as outlined above in the section on Recommended Proposal Format. This is not intended to be a repeat of the original presentation and repetitive background information should be omitted.
3. During and following the presentation, the faculty will address questions to the student. The questions will explore all aspects of the proposal including its rationale, choice of experiments and experimental design, possible short-comings of the experimental protocols and possible alternative, negative, or false positive results. Questions will also evaluate the student’s knowledge of the general area of the proposal, as well as of general principles of Pharmacology.
4. The objective of the Oral Examination is not simply to have the student recite orally what has been presented in writing but to examine the student’s overall grasp of the research area and of the basic principles of Pharmacology.
5. The Chair of the Committee may limit the time period for these questions to prevent the examination from becoming excessively long. 

The Committee will meet in an executive session just prior to the examination to ensure that each member understands the purpose and nature of the examination. After the examination is completed, the Committee will critically evaluate the student's performance on both the written and the oral portions of the examination and make specific recommendations to the student on the basis of the perceived strengths and weaknesses of the performance.

The Committee will establish whether or not the student has accomplished the following:

1. Developed the fundamental background to make correlations and pursue approaches which are essential to the topic;
2. Collected and interpreted the pertinent information in a clear and logical form;
3. Developed sound and critical approaches directed to the hypothesis; and
4. Understands the significance of the problem inherent in the proposal in a broad, biological/pharmacological/toxicological context. 

1. Each voting member of the Committee must grade the performance at the oral examination as satisfactory (S) or unsatisfactory (U). 

2. A copy of the final written proposal must be submitted to the department office to be included in the student's file.